![]() ![]() We conclude our analysis with some caveats. Third, nonviolent responses to this repression encouraged further anti-regime mobilization. ![]() Second, particularly tactical and digital creativity sustained this mass participation by reversing some effects of repression. First, specific forms of nonviolent action carved out space for popular protest and increased public participation in it despite regime hindrances. ![]() We argue that the logic of nonviolent action, tactical and digital creativity, and counteracting repression operates in tandem. This article sheds light on key mechanisms that underpin nonviolent actions’ ability to push back against a trend of shrinking space. Despite threats of crackdown, protesters leveraged a host of innovative nonviolent actions to reclaim political space that the regime had previously squeezed. The year of 2020 witnessed the eruption of Thailand’s largest and longest-lasting mass demonstrations since the 2014 military putsch. Third, this new trajectory of civil society activism works to sustain civic space. Second, these new opportunity structures lead to the cross-fertilization between service delivery and advocacy activism by civil society. ![]() First, legal restrictions on civil society rights intertwine with the space created by health and economic needs to create new opportunities for civil society activism. Investigating five countries with flawed democracic or competitive autocracic regimes in Southeast Asia, we propose a three-pronged mechanism of how these determinants interact in the context of COVID-19. Instead, we reconceptualize civic space by broadening its determinants to also include needs-induced space and civil society activism. We argue that the legal guarantee (or restriction) of civil society rights is not the sole factor configuring civic space. In this article we challenge the conventional wisdom that COVID-19 and related legal restrictions invariably reinforce a global trend of shrinking civic space. ![]()
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